?_Åÿÿÿÿ‚ µ¬lañ"1 MS-DOS Help ‰$Copyright 1993, 1994 Graham Plowmanþ è( @€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÀÀÀÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ»»»»»»»»» p»»»°p pw »»°°wp wwp»»»pwwww»»» wwww»»»°www»»»ppwwwww{»»°°wwwww »»»wwwww»»»°wwwwp »»»»»»p»»» »»°»»» »»°p»»»ð »»°p»»»°p»»»°w »»» »»»°· »»»»»»»»°{»»»»»»»»w·»»»»»»»» { »»»»»»°¸·»»»»»» »€»»»»pû»°¿¿» ûûûûûð¿¿¿°ÿàÿÿàÿÿàÿÿàÿÿàÿÿàÿÿðÿàÿàÿàÿàÀÿàÿðÿðÿøÿüÿàÿàà?à?àððøøüþ?ÿ?ÿ€ÿÀÿÿàÿÿøÿZÿmainM=¦QmainÂQòMS-DOS Help!=& 6 ÒQž)‘Mm##R¥+o"h=H „ÿÿÿÿÿ/&;)z4ÿÿ p ÿÿÿÿ|CONTEXT£ |CTXOMAPŠ× |FONT°Ö |KWBTREEEá |KWDATAuÝ |KWMAP.á |SYSTEM|TOPICô|TTLBTREEtù |bm0Ò |bm1Ø |bm2¢ SHLP.RTF 25 P1A57C183 IDH_SUBMENU 1 IDH_SUBMENU D:\HELPBLDR\SAMPLES\DOSHELP\DOSHLP.RTF 25 PA0EF3076 IDH_DISPLAY 1 IDH_DISPLAY D:\HELPBLDR\SAMPLES\DOSHELP\DOSHLP.RTF 25 H7FC4A805 IDH_MEM 1 IDH_MEM D:\HELPBLDR\SAMPLES\DOSHELP\DOSHLP.RTF 25 LD4ADAC05 IDH_SUBST 1 IDH_SUBST D:\HELPBLDR\SAMPLES\DOSHELP\DOSHLP.RTF 25 H7FC468B8 IDH_DOS 1 IDH_DOS D:\HELPBLDR\SAMPLES\DOSHELP\DOSHLP.RTF 25 R86ACCF23 IDH_MEMMAKER 1 IDH_MEMMAKER D:\HELPBLDR\SAMPLES\DOSHELP\DOSHLP.RTF 25 R9D0EF3BE IDH_SWITCHES 1 IDH_SWITCHES D:\HELPBLDR\SAMPLES\DOSHELP\DOSHLP.RTF 25 RDBD28B95 IDH_DOSKEY_S 1 IDH_DOSKEY_S D:\HELPBLDR\SAMPLES\DOSHELP\DOSHLP.RTF 25 T5E55E300 IDH_MENUCOLOR 1 IDH_MENUCOLOR D:\HELPBLDR\SAMPLES\DOSHELP\DOSHLP.RTF 25 H7FC4D6BD IDH_SYS 1 IDH_SYS D:\HELPBLDR\SAMPLES\DOSHELP\DOSHLP.RTF 25 RDD76F6E0 IDH_DOSSHELL 1 IDH_DOSSHELL D:\HELPBLDR\SAMPLES\DOSHELP\DOSHLP.RTF 25 X7¼Î ³Î ÿÿÿÿ EÿÿÿÿQ1ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿQÜ8ANSI.SYS - Example‹7 ÜT x€r€€ƒ€€ã©ú€†"€‰€ã¤ú€†"€‰€‚ÿANSI.SYS - Examples &òQ4 6€å€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿTo exchange the backslash and question-mark keys by using literal strings,type the following escape sequence: ESC[";"?"pESC["?";"pTo exchange the backslash and question-mark keys by using each key's ASCIIvalue, type the following escape sequence: ESC[92;63pESC[63;92pTo restore the backslash and question-mark keys to their original meanings,type the following escape sequence: ESC[92;92pESC[63;63pTo specify that MS-DOS display a directory listing when you press the F26Ü84 6€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ã¡ú‰‚‚ÿkey, type the following at the command prompt: prompt $e[0;60;"dir";13pTo specify a black screen background color and a high-intensity screenforeground color, type the following at the command prompt: prompt $e[1;32;40m$p$gANSI Key Codes?w1Hÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿw2NANSI Key Codes˜p8( €à€€ƒƒƒƒ‚‚ÿANSI Key CodesKey Code SHIFT+code CTRL+code ALT+code5 wD+ $€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿF1 0;59 0;84 0;94 0;104F2 0;60 0;85 0;95 0;105F3 0;61 0;86 0;96 0;106F4 0;62 0;87 0;97 0;107F5 0;63 0;88 0;98 0;108F6 0;64 0;89 0;99 0;109F7 0;65 0;90 0;100 0;110F8 0;66 0;91 0;101 0;111)þm + $€ý€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿF9 0;67 0;92 0;102 0;112F10 0;68 0;93 0;103 0;113F11 0;133 0;135 0;137 0;139F12 0;134 0;136 0;138 0;140HOME (num keypad) 0;71 55 0;119 --UP ARROW (num keypad) 0;72 56 (0;141) --PAGE UP (num keypad) 0;73 57 0;132 --LEFT ARROW (num keypad) 0;75 52 0;115 --+D˜ + $€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿRIGHT ARROW (num keypad) 0;77 54 0;116 --END (num keypad) 0;79 49 0;117 --DOWN ARROW (num keypad) 0;80 50 (0;145) --PAGE DOWN (num keypad) 0;81 51 0;118 --INSERT (num keypad) 0;82 48 (0;146) --DELETE (num keypad) 0;83 46 (0;147) --HOME (224;71) (224;71) (224;119) (224;151)UP ARROW (224;72) (224;72) (224;141) (224;152)åm § * "€Ë€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿPAGE UP (224;73) (224;73) (224;132) (224;153)LEFT ARROW (224;75) (224;75) (224;115) (224;155)RIGHT ARROW (224;77) (224;77) (224;116) (224;157)END (224;79) (224;79) (224;117) (224;159)DOWN ARROW (224;80) (224;80) (224;145) (224;154)PAGE DOWN (224;81) (224;81) (224;118) (224;161)INSERT (224;82) (224;82) (224;146) (224;162),˜ Ó+ $€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿDELETE (224;83) (224;83) (224;147) (224;163)PRINT SCREEN -- -- 0;114 --PAUSE/BREAK -- -- 0;0 --BACKSPACE 8 8 127 (0)ENTER 13 -- 10 (0TAB 9 0;15 (0;148) (0;165)NULL 0;3 -- -- --A 97 65 1 0;30-§ B+ $€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿBÓ B8 98 66 2 0;48C 99 66 3 0;46D 100 68 4 0;32E 101 69 5 0;18F 102 70 6 0;33G 103 71 7 0;34H 104 72 8 0;35I 105 73 9 0;23-Ó9D+ $€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿJ 106 74 10 0;36K 107 75 11 0;37L 108 76 12 0;38M 109 77 13 0;50N 110 78 14 0;49O 111 79 15 0;24P 112 80 16 0;25Q 113 81 17 0;16- BfF+ $€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿR 114 82 18 0;19S 115 83 19 0;31T 116 84 20 0;20U 117 85 21 0;22V 118 86 22 0;47W 119 87 23 0;17X 120 88 24 0;45Y 121 89 25 0;214 9DšH+ $€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿZ 122 90 26 0;441 49 33 -- 0;1202 50 64 0 0;1213 51 35 -- 0;1224 52 36 -- 0;1235 53 37 -- 0;1246 54 94 30 0;1257 55 38 -- 0;1262fFÌJ+ $€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ8 56 42 -- 0;1269 57 40 -- 0;1270 48 41 -- 0;129- 45 95 31 0;130= 61 43 --- 0;131[ 91 123 27 0;26] 93 125 29 0;27\ 92 124 28 0;434 šHM+ $€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ; 59 58 -- 0;39' 39 34 -- 0;40, 44 60 -- 0;51. 46 62 -- 0;52/ 47 63 -- 0;53` 96 126 -- (0;41)ENTER (keypad) 13 -- 10 (0;166)/ (keypad) 47 47 (0;142) (0;74)2ÌJ2N, &€ €€‚‚‚‚€‚‚ÿ* (keypad) 42 (0;144) (0;78) --- (keypad) 45 45 (0;149) (0;164)+ (keypad) 43 43 (0;150) (0;55)5 (keypad) (0;76) 53 (0;143) --CMuN1jÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿuNýNB‚ANSI.SYS - Notesˆ42NýNT x€l€€ƒ€€ã›ú€†"€‰€ã©ú€†"€‰€‚ÿANSI.SYS - Notes H uNQ< F€€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿRemapping extended keysIf you have a keyboard with 101 keys, you may want to use the /X switch toremap certain extended keys. For example, there are two HOME keys onkeyboards with 101 keys: OýNQ2Nne on the numeric keypad and the other in theblock of cursor-control keys. Unless you specify the /X switch, the two HOMEkeys are the same to MS-DOS.Ignoring extended keysIf you have a program that does not correctly interpret input from anenhanced keyboard, use the /K switch with ANSI.SYS. Your enhanced keyboardñºýNB‚7 <€u€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ã¡ú‰‚‚ÿwill then use conventional keyboard functions.Using both the /X switch and the /K switchYou cannot specify ANSI.SYS with both the /X switch and the /K switch.ANSI Key Codes9Q{‚1ó ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ{‚û‚˜ANSI.SYS€,B‚û‚T x€\€€ƒ€€ã¤ú€†"€‰€ã›ú€†"€‰€‚ÿANSI.SYS 7 {‚2…+ $€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿDefines functions that change display graphics, control cursor movement, andreassign keys. The ANSI.SYS device driver supports ANSI terminal emulationof escape sequences to control your system's screen and keyboard. An ANSIescape sequence is a sequence of ASCII characters, the first two of whichare the escape character (1Bh) and the left-bracket character (5Bh). Thecharacter or characters following the escape and left-bracket charactersspecify an alphanumeric code that controls a keyboard or display function.´û‚K‡e ˜€i€€‚‚‚ãN¢‘2‰ã®=÷‰‚‚‚€€‚‚‚€€‚‚€€€€€€€€€€‚ÿANSI escape sequences distinguish between uppercase and lowercase letters;for example,"A" and "a" have completely different meanings.This device driver must be loaded by a DEVICE or DEVICEHIGH command inyour CONFIG.SYS file.Note: In this topic bold letters in syntax and ANSI escape sequences indicate text you must type exactly as it appears.Syntax DEVICE=[drive:][path]ANSI.SYS [/X] [/K] [/R]9Ó2…„‰f š€§€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚€€‚‚€€‚€€‚€€‚‚€€‚‚ÿParameter[drive:][path] Specifies the location of the ANSI.SYS file.Switches/X Remaps extended keys independently on 101-key keyboards./K Causes ANSI.SYS to treat a 101-key keyboard like an 84-key keyboard. This is equivalent to the command SWITCHES=/K. If you usually use the SWITCHES=/K command, you will need to use the /K switch with ANSI.SYS./R Adjusts line scrolling to improve readability when ANSI.SYSÞK‡š‹8 >€½€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ is used with screen-reading programs (which make computers more accessible to people with disabilities).Parameters used in ANSI escape sequencesPn Numeric parameter. Specifies a decimal number.Ps Selective parameter. Specifies a decimal number that you use to select a function. You can specify more than one function by separating the parameters with semicolons.PL Line parameter. Specifies a decimal number that represents one of the Á„‰£H ^€ƒ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€€€€€‚ÿ lines on your display or on another device.Pc Column parameter. Specifies a decimal number that represents one of the columns on your screen or on another device.ANSI escape sequences for cursor movement, graphics, and keyboard settingsIn the following list of ANSI escape sequences, the abbreviation ESCrepresents the ASCII escape character 27 (1Bh), which appears at thebeginning of each escape sequence.ESC[PL;PcH¹š‹¨L f€s€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€€€€€‚‚‚‚€€€€‚ÿ Cursor Position: Moves the cursor to the specified position (coordinates). If you do not specify a position, the cursor moves to the home position--the upper-left corner of the screen (line 0, column 0). This escape sequence works the same way as the following Cursor Position escape sequence.ESC[PL;Pcf Cursor Position: Works the same way as the preceding Cursor Position escape sequence.ESC[PnAË£ÅÁF Z€—€€‚‚‚‚€€€€‚‚‚‚‚€€€€‚‚ÿ Cursor Up: Mo¨ÅÁB‚ves the cursor up by the specified number of lines without changing columns. If the cursor is already on the top line, ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence.ESC[PnB Cursor Down: Moves the cursor down by the specified number of lines without changing columns. If the cursor is already on the bottom line, ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence.ESC[PnC Cursor Forward: Moves the cursor forward by the specified number of#ã¨èÃ@ N€Ç€€‚‚‚€€€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿ columns without changing lines. If the cursor is already in the rightmost column, ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence.ESC[PnD Cursor Backward: Moves the cursor back by the specified number of columns without changing lines. If the cursor is already in the leftmost column, ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence.ESC[s Save Cursor Position: Saves the current cursor position. You can move the cursor to the saved cursor position by using the Restore Cursor¯ÅÁíÅV z€_€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚€€€€€€‚ÿ Position sequence.ESC[u Restore Cursor Position: Returns the cursor to the position stored by the Save Cursor Position sequence.ESC[2J Erase Display: Clears the screen and moves the cursor to the home position (line 0, column 0).ESC[K Erase Line: Clears all characters from the cursor position to the end of the line (including the character at the cursor position).ESC[Ps;...;PsmèèÃÈ/ ,€Ñ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ Set Graphics Mode: Calls the graphics functions specified by the following values. These specified functions remain active until the next occurrence of this escape sequence. Graphics mode changes the colors and attributes of text (such as bold and underline) displayed on the screen. Text attributes 0 All attributes off 1 Bold on 4 Underscore (on monochrome display adapter only) 5 Blink on 7 Reverse video on¿íÅ ÊH ^€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€€€‚ÿ 8 Concealed on Foreground colors 30 Black 31 Red 32 Green 33 Yellow 34 Blue 35 Magenta 36 Cyan 37 White Background colors 40 Black 41 Red 42 Green 43 Yellow 44 Blue 45 Magenta 46 Cyan 47 White Parameters 30 through 47 meet the ISO 6429 standard.ESC[=psh×ÈÌ. *€¯€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ Set Mode: Changes the screen width or type to the mode specified by one of the following values: 0 40 x 148 x 25 monochrome (text) 1 40 x 148 x 25 color (text) 2 80 x 148 x 25 monochrome (text) 3 80 x 148 x 25 color (text) 4 320 x 148 x 200 4-color (graphics) 5 320 x 148 x 200 monochrome (graphics) 6 640 x 148 x 200 monochrome (graphics) 7 Enables line wrappingß Ê(Î9 @€¿€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€€€‚‚ÿ 13 320 x 148 x 200 color (graphics) 14 640 x 148 x 200 color (16-color graphics) 15 640 x 148 x 350 monochrome (2-color graphics) 16 640 x 148 x 350 color (16-color graphics) 17 640 x 148 x 480 monochrome (2-color graphics) 18 640 x 148 x 480 color (16-color graphics) 19 320 x 148 x 200 color (256-color graphics)ESC[=Psl Reset Mode: Resets the mode by using the same values that Set ModeEÌy? L€ €€‚‚‚€€€€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ uses, except for 7, which disables line wrapping. The last character in this escape sequence is a lowercase L.ESC[code;string;...p Set Keyboard Strings: Redefines a keyboard key to a specified string. The parameters for this escape sequence are defined as follows: * Code is one or more of the values listed in the following table. These values represent keyboard keys an(ÎyB‚d key combinations. When using these values in a command, you must type the semicolons shown in thisó(Θ, &€ç€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ table in addition to the semicolons required by the escape sequence. The codes in parentheses are not available on some keyboards. ANSI.SYS will not interpret the codes in parentheses for those keyboards unless you specify the /X switch in the DEVICE command for ANSI.SYS. * String is either the ASCII code for a single character or a string contained in quotation marks. For example, both 65 and "A" can be used to represent an uppercase A.Êy˜6 :€•€€‚€€‚‚‚‚ã¡ú‰‚‚ÿIMPORTANT: Some of the values in the following table are not valid for all computers. Check your computer's documentation for values that are different.ANSI Key CodesD˜Ü1”ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÜeÈAPPEND - Examples‰5˜eT x€n€€ƒ€€ã<'.\€†"€‰€ã7'.\€†"€‰€‚ÿAPPEND - Examples = Ü¢2 2€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿTo allow programs to open data files in a directory named LETTERS on thedisk in drive B and in a directory named REPORTS on the disk in drive A asif the files were in the current directory, type the following command: append b:\letters;a:\reportsTo append the same directories and keep a copy of the list of appendeddirectories in the MS-DOS environment, type the following commands: append /e append b:\letters;a:\reportsThese must be the first APPEND commands you use after starting your system.&eÈ# €€€‚ÿA¢ 1˜ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ GAPPEND - Notes†2ÈT x€h€€ƒ€€ã.'.\€†"€‰€ã<'.\€†"€‰€‚ÿAPPEND - Notes *ì ¹ > J€Ù€€‚€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿRunning APPEND with Microsoft WindowsDo not use Append with Microsoft Windows or the Windows Setup program.Running APPEND multiple timesYou can use APPEND as many times as you want after starting your system.However, note the following:* The /E switch is valid only the first time you use APPEND after starting your system.* The second and subsequent times you run APPEND, you must omit the .EXE filename extension. If you try to run APPEND by typing APPEND.EXE, itÛÎ : B€·€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚ÿ will not load more than once.Storing the list of appended directories in the environmentYou can use the /E switch with APPEND to assign the list of appendeddirectories to an environment variable named APPEND. To do this, first usethe APPEND command with only the /E switch. Then use APPEND again, this timeincluding the directories you want to append. You cannot specify /E and[drive:]path on the same command line.Specifying multiple appended directories.ñ¹ ü = H€ã€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿTo append more than one directory, separate multiple entries withsemicolons. If you use the APPEND command with the [drive:]path parametersagain, the specified directory or directories replace any directoriesspecified in a previous APPEND command.Appended directories and the DIR commandIf you specify the DIR command, the resulting list does not includefilenames from appended directories.Filename conflictsIf a file in an appended directory has the same name as a file in the!ïÎ )@2 2€ß€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿcurrent directory, programs open the file in the current directory.Using APPEND with programs that create new filesWhen a program opens a file in an appended directory, the file can be foundas if it were in the current directory. If the program then saves the fileby creating a new file with the same name, the new file is created in thecurrent directory (not the appended directory). APPEND is appropriately usedfor data files that are not to be modifiedü )@È or that are to be modifiedÑü ,B2 2€£€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿwithout creating new copies of the files. Database programs often modifydata files without making new copies. Text editors and word processors,however, usually save modified data files by making new copies. To avoidconfusion, do not use APPEND with these programs.Using the /X:ON switch and the path commandWhen /X:ON is specified, you can run a program located in an appendeddirectory by typing the program name at the command prompt. Usually, you useÒ)@/D1 0€¥€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚ÿthe PATH command to specify directories that contain programs. However, whenyour program is in an appended directory, you do not need to use the PATHcommand to specify that directory. MS-DOS finds a program in an appendeddirectory by following the usual order in which MS-DOS searches for aprogram; that is, first in the current directory, then in the appendeddirectories, and then in the search path.MS-DOS functions that always use appended directoriesÍ,B1F5 8€›€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿEven when the /X:ON switch is not specified, appended directories are usedwhen programs call the following MS-DOS Interrupt 21h functions:* Open File (0Fh)* Open File Handle (3Dh)* Get File Size (23h)When /X:ON is specified, appended directories are used when programs callany of the Interrupt 21h functions in the preceding list or any of theInterrupt 21h functions in the following list:* Find First Entry (11h)* Find First File (4Eh)Ñ¡/DG0 .€C€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿ* Execute Program (EXEC) (4Bh)Using APPEND with network drivesYou can use the APPEND command to append directories that are located onnetwork drives.71F9G1 ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ9G·Gí€APPEND~*G·GT x€X€€ƒ€€ã7'.\€†"€‰€ã.'.\€†"€‰€‚ÿAPPEND è9GÖI7 <€Ñ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿEnables programs to open data files in specified directories as if the fileswere in the current directory. Do not use this command when Windows isrunning.The specified directories are called appended directories because, for thesake of opening data files, they can be found as if they were appended tothe current directory.Syntax APPEND [[drive:]path[;...]] [/X[:ON|:OFF]][/PATH:ON|/PATH:OFF] [/E]To display the list of appended directories, use the following syntax:ηGçKC T€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚ÿ APPENDTo cancel the existing list of appended directories, use the followingsyntax: APPEND ;Parameters[drive:]path Specifies the drive (if other than the current drive) and directory that you want to append to the current directory. You can specify multiple entries of [drive:]path, separating the entries with semicolons.; When used by itself (APPEND ;), cancels the existing list of appended directories.SwitchesCÖI*N. *€+€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ/X[:ON|:OFF] Specifies whether MS-DOS is to search (/X:ON) or not search (/X:OFF) appended directories when executing programs. You can abbreviate /X:ON to /X. If you want to specify X:ON, you must do it the first time you use APPEND after starting your system. After that, you can switch between X:ON and X:OFF. The default value is /X:OFF./PATH:ON|/PATH:OFF Specifies whether a program is to search appended directories for a data file when a path is already included with the name of the file the*ïçK`€; D€ß€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ãbÓĉ‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿ program is looking for. The default setting is /PATH:ON./E Assigns the list of appended directories to an environment variable named APPEND. This switch can be used only the first time you use APPEND after starting your system. If you use /E, you can use the SET command to display the list of appended directories. For information about environment variables, see the SET command.*N`€GCautionDo not use Append with Microsoft Windows or the Windows Setup program.Z*Ní€3 6€´€€‚€€‚‚ãñÀ v‰‚‚ÿRelated CommandTo set a search path for executable files, see the PATH command.C`€01Oÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ0¹ׇATTRIB - Example‰5퀹T x€n€€ƒ€€ãxCüd€†"€‰€ãsCüd€†"€‰€‚ÿATTRIB - Examples Î0»ƒ4 6€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿTo display the attributes of a file named NEWS86 located on the currentdrive, type the following command: attrib news86To assign the Read-Only attribute to the file REPORT.TXT, type the followingcommand: attrib +r report.txtTo remove the Read-Only attribute from files in the \PUBLIC\JONES directoryon a disk in drive B and from files in any subdirectories of \PUBLIC\JONES,type the following command: attrib -r b:\public\jones\*.* /s0¹ë…0 .€€€‚‚ã·Ä2Û‰‚‚‚‚‚ÿAs a final example, suppose you want to give an associate a disk containingall files in the default directory on a disk in drive A except files withthe .BAK extension. Because you can use XCOPY to copy only those filesmarked with the Archive attribute, you need to set the Archive attribute forthose files you want to copy. To do this, you would use the following twocommands to set the Archive attribute for all files on drive A and then toclear the attribute for those files with the .BAK extension:ì¹»ƒׇ3 4€s€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ attrib +a a:*.* attrib -a a:*.bakNext, use the XCOPY command to copy the files from the disk in drive A tothe disk in drive B. The /A switch in the following command causes XCOPY tocopy only those files marked with the Archive attribute: xcopy a: b: /aIf you want XCOPY to clear each file's Archive attribute after it copies thefile, use the /M switch instead of /A, as in the following example: xcopy a: b: /mAë…ˆ1 ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿˆžˆzŽATTRIB - Notes†2ׇžˆT x€h€€ƒ€€ãjCüd€†"€‰€ãxCüd€†"€‰€‚ÿATTRIB - Notes àˆºŠ< F€Á€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿCombining the Hidden and System attributesIf a file has both the Hidden and System attributes set, you can clear bothattributes only with a single ATTRIB command. For example, to clear theHidden and System attributes for the RECORD.TXT file, you would type: ATTRIB -S -H RECORD.TXTUsing ATTRIB with groups of filesYou can use wildcards (? and *) with the filename parameter to display orchange the attributes for a group of files. If a file has the System or5ÿžˆïŒ6 :€ÿ€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿHidden attribute set, you must clear that attribute before you can changeany other attributes for that file.Changing the attributes for a directoryYou can display or change the attributes for a directory. To use ATTRIB witha directory, you must explicitly specify the directory name; you cannot usewildcards to work with directories. For example, to hide the directoryC:\SECRET, you would type the following: ATTRIB +H C:\SECRETThe following command would affect only files, not directories:‹FºŠzŽE X€€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚ã`3Ͼ‰ãJ܉ã·Ä2Û‰‚‚ÿ ATTRIB +H C:*.*Viewing archive attributesThe Archive attribute (a) is used to mark files that have changed since theywere previously backed up. The MSBACKUP, RESTORE, and XCOPY commands usethese Archive attributes. For information about Archive attributes, see theMSBACKUP, RESTORE, and XCOPY commands.7Ž1ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ±Ž/úÃATTRIB~*zŽ/T x€X€€ƒ€€ãsCüd€†"€‰€ãjCüd€†"€‰€‚ÿATTRIB ѱŽNÁB R€£€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿDisplays or changes file attributes.This command displays, sets, or removes the Read-Only, Archive, System, andHidden attributes assigned /NÁzŽto files or directories.Syntax ATTRIB [+R|-R] [+A|-A] [+S|-S] [+H|-H][[drive:][path]filename] [/S]To display all attributes of all files in the current directory, use thefollowing syntax: ATTRIBParameter[drive:][path]filename Specifies the location and name of the file(s) you want to process.Á/]ÃN j€ƒ€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚ÿSwitches+R Sets the Read-Only file attribute.-R Clears the Read-Only file attribute.+A Sets the Archive file attribute.-A Clears the Archive file attribute.+S Sets the file as a System file.-S Clears the System file attribute.+H Sets the file as a Hidden file.-H Clears the Hidden file attribute./S Processes files in the current directory and all of its subdirectories.Related CommandqNÁúÃ, (€â€€‚‚ã·Ä2Û‰‚‚ÿFor more information about copying files and directories with differentattributes, see the XCOPY command.?]Ã9Ä1íÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ 9ÄwÄ3ÈBatch Commands>úÃwÄ* $€(€€ƒ€€‚ÿBatch Commands.ä9Ä¥ÆJ b€É€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ã&úûu€‰ã @߉‚ã¡xb*‰ã¢qùÓ‰‚ÿA batch file or batch program is an unformatted text file that contains oneor more MS-DOS commands and is assigned a .BAT extension. When you type thename of the batch program at the command prompt, the commands are carriedout as a group.Any MS-DOS command you use at the command prompt can also be put in a batchprogram. In addition, the following MS-DOS commands are specially designedfor batch programs:Call IfChoice PauseŽ;wÄ3ÈS t€w€ãÿ¦Û:€‰ã"Ìĉ‚ã)wĉãîžÔ‰‚ãë:v‰€‚‚‚‚‚ã‘TMɉ‚‚ÿEcho RemFor ShiftGotoYou can use the COMMAND /Y command to step through a batch program line byline, and can selectively bypass or carry out individual commands. This isuseful for tracking down problems in batch files. For more information, seeCOMMAND.6¥ÆiÈ1»ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ iÈžÈ(ÏBREAK5 3ÈžÈ* $€€€ƒ€€‚ÿBREAKA iÈßÊ8 >€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿSets or clears extended CTRL+C checking. You can use this command at thecommand prompt or in your CONFIG.SYS file.You can press CTRL+C to stop a program or an activity (file sorting, forexample). Typically, MS-DOS checks for CTRL+C only while it reads from thekeyboard or writes to the screen or a printer. If you set BREAK to ON, youextend CTRL+C checking to other functions, such as disk read and writeoperations.Syntax BREAK [ON|OFF]To display the current BREAK setting, use the following syntax:»žÈäÌJ b€w€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚ÿ BREAKIn your CONFIG.SYS file, use the following syntax: BREAK=ON|OFFParameterON|OFF Turns extended CTRL+C checking on or off. BREAK--NoteIncluding BREAK in CONFIG.SYSThe default setting for BREAK is OFF. You can include the BREAK command inyour CONFIG.SYS file to enable extended CTRL+C checking every time you startyour system. BREAK--ExamplesÜßÊòÎ2 2€¹€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿTo specify that MS-DOS is to check for CTRL+C only while it is reading fromthe keyboard or writing to the screen or printer, type the followingcommand: break offTo specify that MS-DOS is to check for CTRL+C while it is reading from adisk or the keyboard or writing to a disk or the screen, type the followingcommand: break onTo turn on this extended CTRL+C checking every time you start your system,include the following command in your CONFIG.SYS file:6äÌ(Ï% €"€€‚‚‚ÿ break=on8òÎ`Ï1?ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ `Ï—ÏBUFFERS7 (Ï—Ï* $€€€ƒ€€‚ÿBUFFERS5ë`ÏØJ b€×€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿAllocates memory for a specif—ÏØ(Ïied number of disk buffers when your systemstarts. You can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.Syntax BUFFERS=n[,m]Parametersn Specifies the number of disk buffers. The value of n must be in the range 1 through 99.m Specifies the number of buffers in the secondary buffer cache. The value of m must be in the range 0 through 8.Default settingsThe default setting for the number of disk buffers depends on theJ—Ï"5 8€+€€‚‚€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€‚‚ÿconfiguration of your system, as shown in the following table:Configuration Buffers Bytes (n)---------------------------------------------------------------------------<128K of RAM, 360K disk 2 --<128K of RAM, >360K disk 3 --128K to 255K of RAM 5 2672256K to 511K of RAM 10 5328512K to 640K of RAM 15 7984The default setting for the number of buffers in the secondary cache (m) isG Øi< F€€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ0 (no secondary cache buffers).If you specify an invalid value for n or m, BUFFERS uses the default settingof no secondary cache buffers. BUFFERS--NotesUsing BUFFERS with DriveSpaceIf you are using SMARTDrive with DriveSpace and MS-DOS is loaded into theHMA, set BUFFERS=10. This ensures that there will be enough room in the HMAfor MS-DOS, DriveSpace, and all your buffers. (If BUFFERS is set to a valuehigher than 10, there might not be enough room in the HMA for all yourÈ"l; D€‘€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿbuffers, and MS-DOS will place all the buffers into conventional memory.) Ifyou're using SMARTDrive, specifying more than 10 buffers will not speed upyour system much, but will use additional memory.Using BUFFERS with SMARTDRV.EXEIf you are using SMARTDRV.EXE, either use a smaller value for BUFFERS, or donot specify a BUFFERS command at all.How MS-DOS uses buffersMS-DOS uses the memory reserved for each disk buffer to hold data during àiv * "€Á€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿread and write operations. To achieve the best performance with programssuch as word processors, specify a value between 10 and 20 for n. If youplan to create many subdirectories, you might want to increase the number ofbuffers to 20 or 30. Each buffer requires approximately 532 bytes of memory.Therefore, the more buffers you have, the less memory you have available forprograms. (To find out how much memory MS-DOS is using for disk buffers, usethe MEM /D /P command.)Ðly 3 4€¡€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚ÿIf MS-DOS is loaded in the high memory area (HMA) and there is enough roomin the HMA to contain all the buffers, MS-DOS also places the buffers in theHMA. If you specify more than 48 buffers, or if you upgraded from MS-DOS6.2, are running DriveSpace, and specify more than 10 buffers, there mightnot be enough room in the HMA for all the buffers. In that case, MS-DOSplaces all of the buffers into conventional memory.Using the secondary buffer cacheœbv : B€Å€€‚‚㵃*‰‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿUsing the cache can speed up certain disk operations if you are using acomputer with an 8086 processor. If you are using a computer with a fasterprocessor, it is better to use SMARTDRV for a cache. BUFFERS--ExampleTo create 20 disk buffers, include the following command in your CONFIG.SYSfile: buffers=205y J1âÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ J~êDCALL4 ~* $€€€ƒ€€‚ÿCALL¼J@G \€y€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚ÿCalls one batch program from another without causing the first batch programto stop.Syntax CALL [drive:][path]filename [batch-parameters]Parameters[drive:][path]filename Specifies the location and name of the batch program you want to call. Filename must have a .BAT extension.batch-para~@meters Specifies any command-line information required by the batch program. CALL--NotesÒ~£BD V€¥€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿUsing batch-parametersBatch-parameters can contain any information that you can pass to a batchprogram, including switches, filenames, the replaceable parameters %1through %9, and environment variables such as %baud%.Using pipes and redirection symbolsDo not use pipes ("|") and redirection symbols ("<<","<",">", and ">>") withthe CALL command.Making a recursive callYou can create a batch program that calls itself; however, you must provideÐ@©D6 :€¡€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿan exit command. Otherwise, the parent and child batch programs can loopendlessly. CALL--ExamplesTo run the CHECKNEW.BAT program from another batch program, include thefollowing command in the parent batch program: call checknewSuppose the parent batch program accepts two replaceable parameters and youwant it to pass those parameters to CHECKNEW.BAT. You can use the followingcommand in the parent batch program:A£BêD% €8€€‚‚‚ÿ call checknew %1 %25©DE1¨ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿESE¢CHCP4 êDSE* $€€€ƒ€€‚ÿCHCPèEoG4 6€Ñ€€‚‚‚‚‚ãIs‰‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿDisplays the number of the active character set (code page). You can alsouse the CHCP command to change the active character set for all devices thatsupport character set switching.You must install the NLSFUNC program before you can use the CHCP command.For an introduction to using character sets and the CHCP command, see thechapter "Customizing For International Use" in the MS-DOS User's Guide.Tables of the character sets included with MS-DOS are shown in the appendix7õSE¦IB R€ë€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿ"Keyboard Layouts and Character Sets" in the MS-DOS User's Guide. Forinformation about additional code pages included with MS-DOS 6.22, see theCOUNTRY.TXT file (located in the directory that contains your MS-DOSfiles).Syntax CHCP [nnn]To display the number of the active character set, use the followingsyntax: CHCPParameternnn Specifies the prepared system character set defined by the COUNTRY command in the CONFIG.SYS file. By default, MS-DOS provides characterXoGþKJ b€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚ãN ]‰ãIs‰‚ÿ sets for the following countries and languages: 437 United States 850 Multilingual (Latin I) 852 Slavic (Latin II) 860 Portuguese 863 Canadian-French 865 Nordic Additional countries and languages are supported by the EGA2.CPI and EGA3.CPI files. For more information, see the COUNTRY.TXT file, which is located in the directory that contains your MS-DOS files.Related CommandsFor more information about character sets, see the COUNTRY, NLSFUNC, and7â¦I5NU x€Å€ãrq€‰‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚ãN ]‰ãIs‰‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿMODE (set device code pages) commands. CHCP - NotesRequirements for using the CHCP commandBefore you can use the CHCP command, you must specify the location of theCOUNTRY.SYS file by using the COUNTRY command and load the NLSFUNCprogram into memory.Assigning a new character setAfter you assign a new character set, any program you start uses that newcharacter set. However, any program (not including COMMAND.COM) that you/óþKp€< F€ç€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿstarted before assigning the new character set will probably attempt to usethe original character set. CHCP - ExamplesTo view the active character set setting, type the following command: chcpMS-DOS responds with a message similar to the following: Active code page: 437To change the active character set to 850 (Multilingual), type the following5Np€êDcommand: chcp 850MS-DOS alerts you if the specified character set has not been prepared for25N¢- (€ €€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿyour system. The following error message appears: Invalid code pageIf a device (monitor, keyboard, printer) is not prepared for a characterset, MS-DOS displays an error message in the following format: Code page 850 not prepared for device nnn; p€Ý1® ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÝ‚”CHDIR (CD):¢‚* $€ €€ƒ€€‚ÿCHDIR (CD)3çÝJ„L f€Ï€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿDisplays the name of the current directory or changes the currentdirectory.Syntax CHDIR [drive:][path] CHDIR[..] CD [drive:][path] CD[..]To display the current drive letter and directory name, use either of thefollowing syntax lines: CHDIR CDParameters[drive:][path] Specifies the drive (if other than the current drive) and directory to which you want to change. .. Specifies that you want to change to the parent directory.Ó‚a†D V€§€€‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿ CHDIR--NotesChanging to the root directoryThe root directory is the top of the directory hierarchy for a drive. Toreturn to the root directory, type the following command: cd \Using the current directory from a different driveIf you are working in the \PUBLIC\JONES directory on drive C and you changeto drive D, you can copy files to and from the \PUBLIC\JONES directory byspecifying only the drive letter C.=ýJ„žˆ@ N€û€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿChanging the directory on another driveYou can change the current directory on another drive by specifying thedrive letter on the command line when you use CHDIR or CD. CHDIR--ExamplesEither of the following commands changes your current directory to thedirectory named PRIMETIM: chdir \primetim cd \primetimSuppose you have a directory named SPECIALS with a subdirectory namedSPONSORS. To change your current directory to \SPECIALS\SPONSORS, type the,øa†ÊŠ4 6€ñ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿfollowing command: cd \specials\sponsorsOr, if your current directory is \SPECIALS, you can use the followingcommand to change to the \SPECIALS\SPONSORS directory: cd sponsorsTo change from a subdirectory back to the parent directory, type thefollowing command: cd..To display the name of the current directory, you can use CHDIR or CDwithout a parameter. For example, if your current directory is \PUBLIC\JONESon the disk in drive B, type CHDIR to see the following response:枈äŒ4 6€Í€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ B:\PUBLIC\JONESIf you are working on drive D and you want to copy all files in the\PUBLIC\JONES and \PUBLIC\LEWIS directories on drive C to the root directoryon drive D, type the following commands: chdir c:\public\jones copy c:*.* d:\ chdir c:\public\lewis copy c:*.* d:\If, instead, you want to copy all files in the \PUBLIC\JONES and\PUBLIC\LEWIS directories to your current location on drive D, type thefollowing commands: chdir c:\public\jones°ÊŠ”/ ,€€€‚‚‚‚ã§LÑ+‰‚‚ÿ copy c:*.* d: chdir c:\public\lewis copy c:*.* d:For more information on copying files, see the COPY command.7äŒË1;ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿËŽOCHKDSK6 ”Ž* $€€€ƒ€€‚ÿCHKDSKßË À4 6€¿€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚ÿChecks the status of a disk and displays a status report. Can also fix diskerrors.The status report shows errors found in the MS-DOS filing system, whichconsists of the file allocation table and directories. CHKDSK also displaysa summary of disk usage. (CHKDSK does not verify that the information inyour files can be accurately read.) If errors exist on the disk, CHKDSKalerts you with a message.Note: The ScanDisk program is the preferred methŽ À”od of fixing drive&ÝŽFÂI `€»€€‚ã,“šÛ‰‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ problems, and should be used instead of the CHKDSK /F command. For more information, see the SCANDISK command.Syntax CHKDSK [drive:][[path]filename] [/F] [/V]To display the status of the disk in the current drive, use the followingsyntax: CHKDSKParametersdrive: Specifies the drive that contains the disk that you want CHKDSK to check.[path]filename Specifies the location and name of a file or set of files that you wantÀ ÀHÄB R€€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚ãî|]*‰‚ã,“šÛ‰‚‚‚‚ÿ CHKDSK to check for fragmentation. You can use wildcards (* and ?) to specify multiple files.Switches/F Fixes errors on the disk. Do not use this option when running CHKDSK from other programs; for more information, see "Using CHKDSK With Open Files" in CHKDSK - Notes. In general, when fixing disk errors, use ScanDisk instead of CHKDSK./V Displays the name of each file in every directory as the disk is,êFÂtÆB R€Õ€€‚‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ checked. CHKDSK--NotesFormat of status reportsMS-DOS displays CHKDSK status reports similar to the following example: Volume Serial Number is B1AF-AFBF 72,214,528 bytes total disk space 73,728 bytes in 3 hidden files 30,720 bytes in 12 directories 11,493,376 bytes in 386 user files 61,440 bytes in bad sectors 6,055,264 bytes available on disk 2,048 bytes in each allocation unitÆHÄvÈ< F€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚ã,“šÛ‰‚‚‚‚ÿ 35,261 total allocation units on disk 29,568 available allocation units on disk 655,360 total bytes memory 493,456 bytes freeFixing disk errorsThe ScanDisk program is the preferred method of fixing disk errors. For moreinformation, see the SCANDISK command.If you want to use CHKDSK to fix disk errors, use the /F switch. (CHKDSKcorrects disk errors only if you specify the /F switch.) CHKDSK /F displays)útÆŸÊ/ ,€õ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿa prompt similar to the following: 10 lost allocation units found in 3 chains. Convert lost chains to files?If you press Y, MS-DOS saves each lost chain in the root directory as a filewith a name in the format FILEnnnn.CHK. When CHKDSK finishes, you canexamine these files to see if they contain any data you need. If you pressN, MS-DOS fixes the disk but does not save the contents of the lostallocation units.If you do not use the /F switch, CHKDSK alerts you with a message if a fileGvÈæÌ3 4€)€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿneeds to be fixed but does not fix the error(s).Using CHKDSK with open filesNever use CHKDSK when files are currently open. CHKDSK is designed for usewhen the files on the disk are in an unchanging state -- that is, when theyare not open. When a file is open, it is probably changing, and MS-DOS willupdate the file allocation table and the directory structure to reflectchanges. Such updates are not always made immediately, and updates to thefile allocation table and the directories occur at different times. If you ןÊïÎ2 2€¯€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿrun CHKDSK when files are open on the disk, it interprets differencesbetween the directory structure and the file allocation tables as errors.Running CHKDSK /F when files are open can result in corruption or loss ofdata. Therefore, never run CHKDSK /F from another program, or when MicrosoftWindows or the MS-DOS Task Swapper is running.Using CHKDSK with assigned drives and networksThe CHKDSK command does not work on drives formed by the SUBST command. YouÑæÌ A P€£€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ã,“šÛ‰‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿcannot use CHKDSK to check a disk on a network drive.Physical disk errorsThe CHKDSK command finds only logical errors in the file system, notphysical disk errors. To identify and repair physical disk ïÎ ”errors, use theScanDisk program. For more information, see the SCANDISK command.Bad disk sectorsBad sectors reported by CHKDSK were marked as "bad" when your disk was firstprepared for operation. ScanDisk and other physical disk-error correctionéïÎ,6 :€Ó€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿutilities can also mark sectors as "bad." Bad sectors pose no danger.Cross-Linked FilesCHKDSK reports a cross-linked file if two files or directories are recordedas using the same disk space. If CHKDSK finds a cross-linked file, itdisplays a message similar to the following: is cross linked on allocation unit Some of the information in these files or directories has been lost.CHKDSK will not fix a cross-linked file, even if you specify the /F switch.8ý d; D€û€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿTo correct a cross-linked file, run ScanDisk. Or, to fix them manually, copythe specified files or directories elsewhere and delete the originals.ERRORLEVEL parametersIf CHKDSK does not find any errors, it returns an ERRORLEVEL value of 0. IfCHKDSK found one or more errors, it returns an ERRORLEVEL value of 255.Saving a CHKDSK status report to a fileYou can save a CHKDSK status report by redirecting the output to a file. Donot use the /F switch when you redirect CHKDSK output to a file.L,°; D€#€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ CHKDSK--ExamplesTo find out how much data is stored on drive C and how much space is stillfree, and to check the disk for errors, type the following command: chkdsk c:CHKDSK pauses and displays messages if it encounters errors.To redirect the output of CHKDSK to a file named STATUS, type the followingcommand: chkdsk a: > statusBecause the output is redirected, MS-DOS does not repair errors itencounters during the check; but it records all the errors in a report file.ŸzdO% €ô€€‚‚‚ÿAfterward, you can use CHKDSK with the /F switch without redirection tocorrect any errors noted in the status report.9°ˆ1éÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿˆ8 CHKSTATE°|O8 4 6€ù€€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ CHKSTATE.SYSUsed by the MemMaker memory-optimization program to track the optimizationprocess.During optimization, MemMaker adds the CHKSTATE.SYS command line to thebeginning of your CONFIG.SYS file. When the optimization process iscomplete, MemMaker removes the CHKSTATE.SYS command line.CHKSTATE.SYS is used exclusively by MemMaker.7ˆo 1zÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿo ¦ €CHOICE7 8 ¦ * $€€€ƒ€€‚ÿCHOICE Øo à E X€±€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ã @߉‚‚€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿ Prompts the user to make a choice in a batch program. Displays a specified prompt and pauses for the user to choose from among a specified set of keys. You can use this command only in batch programs. For more information on the ERRORLEVEL parameter, see CHOICE - Note and the IF command. Syntax CHOICE [/C[:]keys] [/N] [/S] [/T[:]c,nn] [text] Parameters text Specifies text you want to be displayed before the prompt. Quotation å¦ Ü4 6€Ë€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ marks are necessary only if you include a switch character (/) as part of the text before the prompt. If you don't specify text, CHOICE displays only a prompt. Switches /C[:]keys Specifies allowable keys in the prompt. When displayed, the keys will be separated by commas, will appear in brackets ([]), and will be followed by a question mark. If you don't specify the /C switch, CHOICE uses YN as the default. The colon (:) is optional. ?à 'A1 0€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ /N Causes CHOICE not to display the prompt. The text before the prompt is still displayed, however. If you specify the /N switch, the specified keys are still valid. /S Causes CHOICE to be case sensitive. If the /S Ü'A8 switch is not specified, CHOICE will accept either upper or lower case for any of the keys that the user specifies. /T[:]c,nn Causes CHOICE to pause for a specified number of seconds before defaulting to a specified key. The values for the /T switch are as :ûÜaC? L€÷€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿ follows: c Specifies the character to default to after nn seconds. The character must be in the set of choices specified in the /C switch. nn Specifies the number of seconds to pause. Acceptable values are from 0 to 99. If 0 is specified, there will be no pause before defaulting. CHOICE - Note ERRORLEVEL parameters The first key you assign returns a value of 1, the second a value of 2, the +ö'AŒE5 8€í€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚ÿthird a value of 3, and so on. If the user presses a key that is not among the keys you assigned, CHOICE sounds a warning beep (that is, it sends a BEL, or 07h, character to the console). If CHOICE detects an error condition, it returns an ERRORLEVEL value of 255. If the user presses CTRL+BREAK or CTRL+C, CHOICE returns an ERRORLEVEL value of 0. When you use ERRORLEVEL parameters in a batch program, list them in decreasing order. CHOICE - Examples CþaCÏGE X€ý€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿ What the user sees when you use CHOICE in a batch file If you use the following syntax in a batch file, choice /c:ync the user sees the following when CHOICE is started: [Y,N,C]? If you add text to the syntax, choice /c:ync Yes, No, or Continue the user sees the following when CHOICE is started: Yes, No, or Continue [Y,N,C]? What the user sees if you leave out a prompt If, as in the following example, you use the /N switch to leave out the ÆŒEÑI< F€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿprompt in a batch program, choice /n Yes, No, or Continue? the user sees only the text you specified when CHOICE is started: Yes, No, or Continue? What the user sees if you use the T switch If you use the following syntax in a batch program, choice /c:ync /t:n,5 the user sees the following when CHOICE is started: [Y,N,C]? If, after 5 seconds, the user hasn't pressed a key, CHOICE chooses N and KÏGL0 .€7€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿreturns an ERRORLEVEL value of 2. If the user presses a key before 5 seconds, CHOICE returns the value corresponding to the user's choice. To have the option of defragmenting drive C when you start your computer, you could add the following lines to your AUTOEXEC.BAT file: choice Defrag drive /ty,5 if errorlevel 2 goto SkipDefrag defrag c: :SkipDefrag If you press N within 5 seconds, DEFRAG will not run and CHOICE returns an ERRORLEVEL value of 2. If you do not press N within 5 seconds, or if you ÏÑIN4 6€Ÿ€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿchoose Y, DEFRAG is run on drive C. Using CHOICE in a batch program The following batch program demonstrates using the CHOICE option to select one of three programs: MS-DOS Editor, Microsoft Anti-Virus, or Microsoft Backup. Notice that the IF ERRORLEVEL statements are listed in decreasing order. MS-DOS will consider the IF statement true if the ERRORLEVEL parameter returned by CHOICE is greater than or equal to the parameter specified in ñ²L€? L€e€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿthe IF command. @echo off cls echo. echo A Microsoft Editor echo B Microsoft Anti-Virus echo C Microsoft Backup echo. choice /c:abc Choose an option if errorlevel 3 goto MSBackup if errorlevel 2 goto Msav if errorlevel 1 goto Edit :Edit edit goto End :Msav msav goto End :Msbackup msbackup goto End N€8  :End 4NP€1þÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿP€CLSÊ‘€9 @€#€€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿ CLSClears the screen.The cleared screen shows only the command prompt and cursor.Syntax CLSEP€_1Œÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ_éD…COMMAND - ExamplesŠ6éT x€p€€ƒ€€ã‘TMÉ€†"€‰€ãŒTMÉ€†"€‰€‚ÿCOMMAND - Examples ç_„0 .€Ï€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿThe following command specifies that the MS-DOS command interpreter is to start a new command interpreter from the current program, run a batch program named MYBAT.BAT, and then return to the first command interpreter: command /c mybat.bat The following CONFIG.SYS command specifies that COMMAND.COM is located in the DOS directory on drive C: shell=c:\dos\command.com c:\dos\ /e:1024 This command directs MS-DOS to set the COMSPEC environment variable to DéD…+ $€3€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿC:\DOS\COMMAND.COM. This command also creates an environment of 1024 bytes for this command interpreter. The following command starts an instance of COMMAND.COM and runs the MYBATCH.BAT file, stepping through the file command by command: command /y /c mybatch.batB„†…1èÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ†… †ÇCOMMAND - Notes‡3D… †T x€j€€ƒ€€ãƒTMÉ€†"€‰€ã‘TMÉ€†"€‰€‚ÿCOMMAND - Notes ʆ…!ˆJ b€•€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ãÆ„üu‰‚‚€€‚ÿLimits on environment size If nnnnn is less than 160 or greater than 32768, MS-DOS uses the default value of 256 bytes and displays the following message: Parameter value not in allowed range. Changing your terminal device You can specify a different device (such as AUX) for input and output by using the device parameter. For more information about device, see the CTTY command. Running multiple command interpreters 2 †SŠ+ $€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ When you start a new command interpreter, MS-DOS creates a new command environment. This new environment is a copy of the parent environment. You can change the new environment without affecting the old one. The default size of the new environment is 256 bytes or the size of the current environment rounded up to the next 16 bytes, whichever is larger. Use the /E switch to override the default size. (Note that the current environment refers to the memory actually being used, not to the environment size K!ˆžŒ3 4€1€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿspecified with the previous /E switch.) Transient and resident memory MS-DOS loads the command interpreter in two parts: the resident part (which is always in memory) and the transient part (at the top of conventional memory). Some programs write over the transient part of COMMAND.COM when they run. When this happens, the resident part must locate the COMMAND.COM file on disk to reload the transient part. The COMSPEC environment variable identifies where COMMAND.COM is located on the disk. If COMSPEC is set to a /úSŠÍŽ5 8€õ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿfloppy disk drive, MS-DOS might prompt you to insert a disk that contains COMMAND.COM. If MS-DOS is loaded in the HMA, a portion of resident COMMAND.COM is also loaded into the HMA, making more conventional memory available for programs. Using the /MSG switch Usually, MS-DOS leaves many error messages in the COMMAND.COM file on the disk instead of using memory to store them. When MS-DOS needs to display one of these messages, MS-DOS retrieves the message from the disk containing -ýžŒÁ0 .€û€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿCOMMAND.COM. If you are running MS-DOS from floppy disks instead of from a hard disk, MS-DOS cannot retrieve such error messages unless you have the disk containing COMMAND.COM in drive A. If this disk is not present, MS-DOS displays one of the followÍŽÁD…ing short messages instead of the full message: Parse error Extended error You can make sure MS-DOS displays complete error messages by using the /MSG switch with COMMAND. This switch forces MS-DOS to keep these error messages åÍŽ!Ã6 :€Ë€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿin memory so that they are always available when needed. Use the /MSG switch with COMMAND if you have a floppy disk system, unless you cannot afford to lose the memory used to store the error messages. You must also specify the /P switch when you use the /MSG switch. Internal commands COMMAND is called a command processor because it reads any commands that you type and processes them. Some commands are recognized and carried out by COMMAND itself. These -µÁNÅx ¾€k€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ã'E3Ñ€‰ãÿ¦Û:‰ã"Ìĉ‚ã&úûu‰ãò ÿu‰ãÖ4­‰‚ã6+üu‰ã)wĉã~ÙoÔ‰‚ã@H[щãë:v‰ãbÓĉ‚ÿcommands are considered internal to COMMAND. Other MS-DOS commands are separate programs located on your hard disk, which MS-DOS loads just like your other programs. The following MS-DOS commands are implemented by COMMAND: BREAK ECHO REM CALL EXIT RENAME (REN) CHCP FOR RMDIR (RD) CHDIR (CD) GOTO SET ¸!ÃÇ™ ?€ãþ`Ä€‰ã @߉ãîžÔ‰‚ã§LÑ+‰ã|L扉ãÕÓv‰‚ãÆ„üu‰ãã–hÓ‰ãæGv‰‚ã 2ýu‰ãñÀ v‰ã éĉ‚ãgĉã¢qùÓ‰ã½ÛEЉ‚㟠‘щã,{Už‰ã³êĉ€‚‚ÿCLS IF SHIFT COPY LOADHIGH (LH) TIME CTTY MKDIR (MD) TYPE DATE PATH VER DEL (ERASE) PAUSE VERIFY DIR PROMPT VOL 8NÅ>Ç1±ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ>ǽÇGCOMMAND+ǽÇT x€Z€€ƒ€€ãŒTMÉ€†"€‰€ãƒTMÉ€†"€‰€‚ÿCOMMAND Ò>ÇÆÉ7 <€¥€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿStarts a new instance of the MS-DOS command interpreter. A command interpreter is a program that lets you type commands. Use the EXIT command to stop the new command interpreter and return control to the old one. Syntax COMMAND [[drive:]path] [device] [/E:nnnnn] [/Y [/C command|/K command]] In your CONFIG.SYS file, use the following syntax: SHELL=[[dos-drive:]dos-path]COMMAND.COM [[drive:]path][device] [/E:nnnn] [/P [/MSG]] á½ÇÚË3 4€Ã€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ Parameters [drive:]path Specifies the directory in which the command interpreter is to look for the COMMAND.COM file when the transient part of the program needs to be reloaded. This parameter must be included when loading COMMAND.COM for the first time if the COMMAND.COM file is not located in the root directory. This parameter is used to set the COMSPEC environment variable. For more information, see Transient and Resident Memory in ¾ÆÉÝÍE X€}€€ãŒTMɉ‚‚‚‚ãÆ„üu‰‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ COMMAND - Notes. device Specifies a different device for command input and output. For more information about this parameter, see the CTTY command. [dos-drive:]dos-path Specifies the location of the COMMAND.COM file. Switches /C command Specifies that the command interpreter is to perform the specified command and then exit. This switch must be the last switch on the command line. )ûÚË. *€÷€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ/E:nnnnn Specifies the environment size, where nnnnn is the size in bytes. The value of nnnnn must be in the range 160 through 32768. MS-DOS rounds this number up to a multiple of 16 bytes. The default value is 256. /K command Runs the specified command, program, or batch program and then displays the MS-DOS command prompt. This switch must be the last switch on the COMMAND command line. This switch is particularly useful for specifying a startup batch fÝÍÇile ,ÝÍ>, &€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ for the MS-DOS Prompt in Windows (much like AUTOEXEC.BAT for MS-DOS). To do this, open the DOSPRMPT.PIF file using the PIF Editor, and type the /K switch in the Optional Parameters box. It is not recommended to use the /K switch on the SHELL command line in your CONFIG.SYS file; doing so can cause problems with applications and installation programs that make changes to your AUTOEXEC.BAT file. /P Should be used only when COMMAND is used with the SHELL command in the /m* "€ €€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ CONFIG.SYS file. The /P switch makes the new copy of the command interpreter permanent. In this case, the EXIT command cannot be used to stop the command interpreter. If you specify /P, MS-DOS runs your AUTOEXEC.BAT file before displaying the command prompt. If there is no AUTOEXEC.BAT file in the root directory of the startup drive, MS-DOS carries out the DATE and TIME commands instead. If you do not have a SHELL command in your CONFIG.SYS file, COMMAND.COM is automatically è>ˆ3 4€Ñ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ãŒTMɉ‚‚‚ÿ loaded from the root directory with the /P switch. /MSG Specifies that all error messages should be stored in memory. Usually, some messages are stored only on disk. This switch is useful only if you are running MS-DOS from floppy disks. You must specify the /P switch when you use the /MSG switch. For more information about using the /MSG switch, see COMMAND - Notes. /Y Directs COMMAND.COM to step through the batch file specified by the /C ¿†mG9 @€ €€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚ãûÔ‰‚‚‚ÿ or /K switches. This switch is useful for debugging batch files. For example, to step through the TEST.BAT batch file line by line, you would type COMMAND /Y /C TEST. The /Y switch requires either the /C or the /K switch. Related Command The SHELL command is the preferred method of using COMMAND to permanently increase space for the environment table. Dˆ‹16ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ‹ÏÞKCONFIG.SYS CommandsDGÏ* $€4€€ƒ€€‚ÿCONFIG.SYS Commands Ì‹ß D V€™€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ãóÒ‰ƒƒƒã8ùщ‚ÿ The CONFIG.SYS file is a text file that contains special commands. These commands configure your computer's hardware components so that MS-DOS and applications can use them. When MS-DOS starts, it carries out the commands in the CONFIG.SYS file. Typically, the CONFIG.SYS file is located in the root directory of drive C. CONFIG.SYS commands The following CONFIG.SYS commands can be used only in the CONFIG.SYS file: BuffersFiles *Ï  €ãN ]€‰ƒƒƒãÏQ­(‰‚ãN¢‘2‰ƒƒƒãD6,‰‚ã®=÷‰ƒƒãÕìªÀ‰‚ã¸hĉƒƒƒãûÔ‰‚ã—cÖð‰ƒƒã£ö¸‰‚㪪ÿu‰ƒƒƒã¾ó‰‚‚‚‚‚ã'E3щ‚ã"Ìĉ‚ãbÓĉ‚‚‚‚ÿCountryInstall DeviceLastdrive DevicehighNumlock DosShell DrivparmStacks FcbsSwitches The following commands are commonly used in the CONFIG.SYS file and can also be typed at the command prompt: Break Rem Set The following special CONFIG.SYS commands are used only to define multiple configurations within the CONFIG.SYS file: ¥ß  ] ˆ€K€€‚ãA, &€÷€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ beginning of the line. (You can also insert a comment by using the REM command.) ? Specifies that MS-DOS is to ask for confirmation before carrying out the current comm >AGand. Insert this character immediately after the command you want to prompt for, without any intervening spaces, but before the equal sign (=). For example, to have MS-DOS ask for confirmation before carrying out the DOS=HIGH command, you would change the command to read 4 rC3 4€€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿ DOS?=HIGH. To have MS-DOS ask for confirmation before carrying out the DEVICEHIGH /L:1,7280=MYFILE.SYS command, you would change the command to read as follows: DEVICEHIGH? /L:1,7280=MYFILE.SYS Bypassing CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT commands If you are having system problems that you suspect are caused by one or more commands in your CONFIG.SYS or AUTOEXEC.BAT file, you might want to bypass some or all the commands in these files. (For information about bypassing $÷>A–E- (€ï€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿDriveSpace, see the next section.) * To bypass all the commands in your CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files, press the F5 key immediately after starting your computer, when you see the text "Starting MS-DOS...". * To bypass individual CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT commands, press the F8 key instead. MS-DOS will then prompt you to carry out or bypass each command. To carry out all remaining startup commands, press ESC. To bypass all remaining startup commands, press F5. ÙrCªG; D€³€€‚ã¾ó‰‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ To disable this feature, add the SWITCHES /N command to your CONFIG.SYS file. Starting your computer without loading DRVSPACE.BIN DRVSPACE.BIN is the part of MS-DOS that provides access to DriveSpace compressed drives. Normally, if your hard drive has been compressed using DriveSpace, DRVSPACE.BIN is loaded even if you press F5 or F8. There are two ways to disable this: * To start your computer without loading DRVSPACE.BIN, and to bypass all > –EèI2 2€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚ÿ the commands in your CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files, press CTRL+F5. * To start your computer without loading DRVSPACE.BIN, and to bypass individual commands in your CONFIG.SYS & AUTOEXEC.BAT files, press CTRL+F8. MS-DOS will then prompt you to carry out or bypass each CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT command. To carry out all remaining startup commands, press ESC. To bypass all remaining startup commands, press F5. Note: If you bypass DRVSPACE.BIN, you will not be able to gain access to öêGÞK3 4€‡€€‚‚‚‚‚ãèg{ ‰‚‚‚‚‚ÿ your DriveSpace compressed drives until you restart your computer with DRVSPACE.BIN. (Your compressed drives will remain on your hard disk as hidden files with names such as DRVSPACE.000. Do not delete or rename such files.) To disable this feature, use the DRVSPACE /SWITCHES command. For more information about your CONFIG.SYS file, see the chapter "Configuring Your System" in the MS-DOS User's Guide. > èIL1òÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿLtŒContents PageR·ÞKnN› o€€€‚‚‚â÷F= ‰‚‚ãÕbçi‰‚‚ã©ú€‰ã„å$‰ã6f ‰‚ã<'.\‰ãgĉãIs‰‚ãxCüd‰ãò ÿu‰ãÕìªÀ‰‚ãщãÊy,?‰ãñÀ v‰‚ã'E3щãÿÖ‰ã¢qùÓ‰‚ÿContents for MS-DOS HelpMS-DOS Help Version 1.1Copyright noticeWhat's New in MS-DOS 6.22?ANSI.SYS EMM386.EXE Multi-configAppend Erase NlsfuncAttrib Exit NumlockBatch commands Expand PathBreak Fasthelp Pause*•L¤€• ø€+€ãóÒ€‰ãfË Ö‰ãÑy Ô‰‚ã&úûu‰ã‰@߉ãr羉‚ã@H[щ㪪ÿu‰ãñ¹ Ô‰‚ã6+üu‰ãËóщã,{Už‰‚ã@H[щã8ùщãå)Å£‰‚ãî|]*‰ãõ×ÿu‰ãœè´ä‰‚ÿBuffers Fastopen PowerCall Fc POWER.EXECd Fcbs PrintChcp Fdisk nN¤€ÞK PromptChdir Files QbasicChkdsk Find RAMDRIVE.SYS†nN¿‚• ø€ €ã×ÇJ€‰ã)wĉã~ÙoÔ‰‚ã¡xb*‰ãjÀf‰ã"Ìĉ‚ãþ`ĉãë:v‰ãÖ4­‰‚ã‘TMɉã3o†‰ãÖ4­‰‚ã>XÎ+‰ãí'v‰ã¸­5‰‚ã§LÑ+‰ã`vɦ‰ãJ܉‚ÿCHKSTATE.SYS For RdChoice Format RemCls Goto RenCommand Graphics RenameCONFIG.SYS commands Help ReplaceCopy HIMEM.SYS Restore$¤€ã„• ø€€ãN ]€‰ã @߉ã~ÙoÔ‰‚ãÆ„üu‰ãÏH ^€€€ã‘TMɉ‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿcommand interpreter, see the COMMAND command. CTTY - NotesSetting up a serial port for CTTYUse the MODE command to set up your serial port for baud rate, parity, bits,and stop bit before using the CTTY command.Using CTTY with programs that do not use MS-DOSMany programs do not use MS-DOS for input or output. These programs sendinput directly to the hardware on your computer. The CTTY command has noß/Íd; D€¿€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿeffect on these programs; it affects only programs that use MS-DOS forreading keyboard input and displaying output.Setting the ter>Ïd­Êminal device with COMMANDIn addition to the CTTY command, you can use the device parameter of theCOMMAND command to specify the input device. CTTY - ExamplesTo change control of all input and output from the current device (yourcomputer monitor and keyboard) to the AUX port, type the following at theA>Ï¥/ ,€%€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿcommand prompt: ctty auxIn this example, a remote terminal device connected to the AUX port controlsinput and output for your system.To transfer input and output back to the monitor and keyboard, type thefollowing command at the remote terminal: ctty con5dÚ1§ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÚ„ DATE4 ¥* $€€€ƒ€€‚ÿDATEÖÚ#? L€­€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿDisplays the date and prompts you to change the date if necessary.MS-DOS records the current date for each file you create or change; thisdate is listed next to the filename in the directory.Syntax DATE [mm-dd-yy]Parametermm-dd-yy Sets the date you specify. Values for day, month, and year must be separated by periods (.), hyphens (-), or slash marks (/). The date format depends on the COUNTRY setting you are using in your CONFIG.SYS(ÛKM h€·€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚ãÕÓv‰‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿ file. The following list shows the valid values for the month, day, and year portions of the mm-dd-yy parameter. mm 1 through 12 dd 1 through 31 yy 80 through 99 or 1980 through 2099Related CommandFor information about changing the current time, see the TIME command. DATE - NotesAdjusting for days in a monthMS-DOS is programmed to change months and years correctly, whether the month×#^ < F€¯€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿhas 28, 29, 30, or 31 days.Using the DATE command in your AUTOEXEC.BAT fileTo prompt users for the date every time the computer is restarted, includethe DATE command in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file.Changing the date formatTo display the date in other format besides mm-dd-yy, add the COUNTRYcommand to your CONFIG.SYS file. You can change the date format to theEuropean standard format (dd-mm-yy) or to the Scientific International(Metric) format (yy-mm-dd).&K„ # €€€‚ÿ9^ ½ 18ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ½ õ ƒNDBLSPACE8„ õ * $€€€ƒ€€‚ÿDBLSPACE@ ½ 5 4 6€€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿConfigures drives that were compressed by using DoubleSpace, the integratedcompression that was included with MS-DOS 6 and MS-DOS 6.2.Note: MS-DOS 6.22 does not include DoubleSpace compression. Instead, MS-DOS 6.22 includes DriveSpace compression, which appears similar to DoubleSpace but which stores compressed information in a different format.If you currently use DoubleSpace, you can continue to do so with MS-DOS6.22. For more information about using DoubleSpace with MS-DOS 6.22, see< õ q3 4€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ãv#b‰‚‚ÿDBLSPACE - Notes.If you currently use DoubleSpace and want to use DriveSpace instead, you canconvert your system to DriveSpace. For more information, see "Convertingfrom DoubleSpace to DriveSpace" in DBLSPACE - Notes.If you do not currently use DoubleSpace and want to compress your drives,use DriveSpace. To do this, type DRVSPACE at the command prompt. For moreinformation, see DRVSPACE, or see "Freeing Disk Space by Using DriveSpace"in your Microsoft MS-DOS User's Guide or Microsoft MS-DOS User's GuideD5 Á@= H€€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚ÿAddendum.SyntaxWhen you issue the DBLSPACE command by itself, the DoubleSpace programstarts. You can use this program to create and manage DoubleSpace compresseddrives.If you add switches or parameters to the DBLSPACE command, MS-DOS carriesout the requested task without starting the DoubleSpace program. The commandsyntax dqÁ@„ iffers from task to task.Note: The switches and parameters for the DBLSPACE command are identical to those of the DRVSPACE command. MS-DOS 6.22 Help describes only the,òqíB: B€å€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ãä-≂‚‚ãZæ5n‰‚ÿ command syntax for DRVSPACE. If you use DoubleSpace instead, refer to the Help for the corresponding DRVSPACE command, and just type DBLSPACE instead of DRVSPACE when issuing the command.You can use the DBLSPACE command to perform the following tasks:* Compress a hard disk drive or floppy disk. For more information, see DRVSPACE /COMPRESS.* Create a new compressed drive in the free space on an existing drive. For more information, see DRVSPACE /CREATE.+ãÁ@EH ^€Ç€€‚‚ã7R ¡‰‚‚ã‚[t‰‚‚ãy󇉂‚‚ãÈË ô‰‚‚‚‚ÿ* Defragment a compressed drive. For more information, see DRVSPACE /DEFRAGMENT.* Delete a compressed drive. For more information, see DRVSPACE /DELETE.* Format a compressed drive. For more information, see DRVSPACE /FORMAT.* Display information about a compressed drive. For more information, see DRVSPACE /INFO.* Display a list of the drives on your computer. The list includes compressed and uncompressed hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, and5õíBMG@ N€ë€€‚ã˜Mô‰‚‚‚‚ã?ˆ¢þ‰‚‚‚ã•Y–ÿ‰‚‚‚ÿ other removable-media drives. It does not include network drives. For more information, see DRVSPACE /LIST.* Mount a compressed volume file (CVF). When DoubleSpace mounts a CVF, it assigns it a drive letter; you can then use the files that CVF contains. For more information, see DRVSPACE /MOUNT.* Change the estimated compression ratio of a compressed drive. For more information, see DRVSPACE /RATIO.* Change the size of a compressed drive. For more information, seeÁEeIW |€ƒ€€ã»Ìô‰‚‚‚ã)ëÇs‰‚‚‚ã”É߉‚‚‚ãÁuzȉ‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿ DRVSPACE /SIZE.* Uncompress a compressed drive. For more information, see DRVSPACE /UNCOMPRESS.* Unmount a compressed drive. For more information, see DRVSPACE /UNMOUNT.* Change the settings in your DRVSPACE.INI file. For more information, see DRVSPACE.INI. DBLSPACE - NotesCreating a startup floppy diskTo create a startup floppy disk if you are running DoubleSpace, use eitherDMG©KA P€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ã½Öĉ‚ãjÀf‰‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿthe SYS command or the FORMAT /S command. Each of these commands creates afloppy disk that should in most cases be able to start your computer.However, to make sure, you should also copy the DBLSPACE.BIN file from thedirectory that contains your MS-DOS files to the root directory of thestartup floppy disk.For more information about creating a startup floppy disk, see the SYS orFORMAT commands.Loading DBLSPACE.BIN into the HMAIf you upgraded to MS-DOS 6.22 from MS-DOS 6.2 and you are running.ûeI×M3 4€÷€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿDoubleSpace, you can load a portion of DBLSPACE.BIN into the High MemoryArea (HMA). If you upgraded from MS-DOS 6.0, DBLSPACE.BIN cannot be loadedinto the HMA; in this case, you can save about 14K of memory by convertingto DriveSpace, which can load into the HMA. For more information, see thefollowing section.Converting from DoubleSpace to DriveSpaceIf you are running DoubleSpace, you can convert your system to DriveSpace byuninstalling DoubleSpace and then installing DriveSpace. For more¬†©KƒN& € €€‚‚‚ÿinformation, see the DriveSpace section of the README.TXT file, which islocated in the directory that contains your MS-DOS files.6×M¹N1¥ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ!ÿÿÿÿ¹N¸€DEBUGó»ƒN¸€8 >€w€€ƒ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿDEBUGStarts the Debug program, which you can use to test and debug executablefiles.For information on DEBUG command-line syntax, type DEBUG /? at the commandprompt.For a list of Debug commands, start Debug, and then type ?.For more information about Debug c¹N¸€ƒNommands, see the MS-DOS TechnicalReference, which comes with the MS-DOS Resource Kit. To order the ResourceKit, use the coupon in the back of your MS-DOS User's Guide.7¹Nï€1çÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ"ï€%çÀDEFRAG6 ¸€%* $€€€ƒ€€‚ÿDEFRAGÆï€4ƒI `€€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿReorganizes the files on a disk to optimize disk performance. Do not usethis command when Windows is running.Syntax DEFRAG [drive:] [/F] [/S[:]order] [/B] [/SKIPHIGH] [/LCD | /BW | /G0] [/H] DEFRAG [drive:] [/U] [/B] [/SKIPHIGH] [/LCD | /BW | /G0] [/H]Parameterdrive: Specifies the drive that contains the disk you want to optimize.Switches/F Defragments files and ensures that the disk contains no empty spacesÕ%:…1 0€«€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ between files./U Defragments files and leaves empty spaces, if any, between files./S Controls how the files are sorted in their directories. If you omit this switch, DEFRAG uses the current order on the disk. The colon (:) is optional. The following list describes each of the values you can use to sort files. Use any combination of the values, and do not separate these values with spaces. N In alphabetic order by name@4ƒz‡> J€€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ N- In reverse alphabetic order by name (Z through A) E In alphabetic order by extension E- In reverse alphabetic order by extension (Z through A) D By date and time, earliest first D- By date and time, latest first S By size, smallest first S- By size, largest first/B Restarts your computer after files have been reorganized./SKIPHIGH Loads DEFRAG into conventional memory. By default, DEFRAG is loaded intoÒ:…—‰K d€¥€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚ÿ upper memory, if upper memory is available./LCD Starts DEFRAG using an LCD color scheme./BW Starts DEFRAG using a black and white color scheme./G0 Disables the graphic mouse and graphic character set./H Moves hidden files. DEFRAG - NotesNetwork and INTERLNK drivesYou cannot use DEFRAG to optimize network drives or drives created withINTERLNK.Disk information reported by DEFRAG and CHKDSK7úz‡΋= H€õ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿDisk information that DEFRAG reports differs from information that CHKDSKreports. DEFRAG reports hidden and user files as one number; CHKDSK reportsnumbers for each type. DEFRAG counts the root as a directory; CHKDSK doesnot. DEFRAG does not count the volume label as a file; CHKDSK does.Start DEFRAG only from MS-DOSIf you start DEFRAG from a program such as Microsoft Windows, you may losedata.DEFRAG exit codesThe following list briefly describes the meaning of each DEFRAG exit codeÜ—‰íC T€¹€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ã,“šÛ‰‚ÿ(ERRORLEVEL parameter):0 The defragmentation was successful.1 An internal error occurred.2 The disk contained no free clusters. To operate, DEFRAG needs 1 free cluster.3 The user pressed CTRL+C to stop the process.4 A general error occurred.5 DEFRAG encountered an error while reading a cluster.6 DEFRAG encountered an error while writing a cluster.7 An allocation error occurred. To correct the error, use the SCANDISKC΋<À? L€ €€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ã¡xb*‰‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿ command.8 A memory error occurred.9 There was insufficient memory to defragment the disk.You can use the ERRORLEVEL parameter on the IF command line in a batchprogram to process exit codes returned by DEFRAG. For an example of a batchprogram that processes exit codes, see the CHOICE command. DEFRAG - ExampleTo load DEFRAG into conventional memory and specify that DEFRAG sort filesaccording to the date theyí<À¸€ were created, from latest created to earliest«‚íçÀ) €€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿcreated, type the following command: defrag c: /f /sd- /skiphighThis example fully optimizes drive C, but slows DEFRAG.< <À#Á1N ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ##Á^Á{ÍDEL (Erase);çÀ^Á* $€"€€ƒ€€‚ÿDEL (Erase)ª#ÁaÃY €€U€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚ãvµIÀ‰‚‚ÿDeletes the files you specify.Syntax DEL [drive:][path]filename [/P] ERASE [drive:][path]filename [/P]Parameter[drive:][path]filename Specifies the location and name of the file or set of files you want to delete.Switch/P Prompts you for confirmation before deleting the specified file.Related CommandsFor information about retrieving a deleted file, see the UNDELETEcommand.<ñ^ÁÅK d€ã€€‚ã~ÙoÔ‰‚‚‚ãí\z|‰‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿFor information about removing a directory, see the RMDIR command.For information about deleting a directory, its files, and allsubdirectories and files subordinate to it, see the DELTREE command. DEL - NotesUsing the /P switchIf you use the /P switch, DEL displays the name of a file and prompts youwith a message in the following format: filename, Delete (Y/N)?Press Y to confirm the deletion, N to cancel the deletion and display theÏaáÇ5 8€Ÿ€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿnext filename (if you specified a group of files), or CRTL+C to stop the DELcommand.Deleting more than one file at a timeYou can delete all the files in a directory by typing the DEL commandfollowed by [drive:]path. You can also use wildcards (* and ?) to deletemore than one file at a time. However, you should use wildcards cautiouslywith the DEL command to avoid deleting files unintentionally. Suppose youtype the following command: del *.*"ìÅÃÉ6 :€Ù€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚ÿDEL displays the following prompt: All files in directory will be deleted! Are you sure (Y/N)?Press Y and then ENTER to delete all files in the current directory, orpress N and then ENTER to cancel the deletion.Before you use wildcards with the DEL command to delete a group of files,you can use the same wildcards with the DIR command to see a list of thenames of all the files included in the group.CAUTION: Once you delete a file from your disk, you may not be able toê¡ÇØË+ $€Õ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ retrieve it. Although the UNDELETE command can retrieve deleted files, it can do so with certainty only if no other files have been created or changed on the disk. If you accidentally delete a file that you want to keep, stop what you are doing and immediately use the UNDELETE command to retrieve the file. For more information on undeleting files, see the chapter "Managing Your System" in the MS-DOS User's Guide.£iÃÉ{Í: B€Ó€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ DEL - ExamplesTo delete the CAT.TMP file from the TEST directory on drive C, you can useeither of the following commands: del c:\test\cat.tmp erase c:\test\cat.tmpTo delete all the files in a directory named TEST on drive C, you can useeither of the following commands: del c:\test del c:\test\*.*8Ø˳Í1¥ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ$³ÍêÍgDELTREE7 {ÍêÍ* $€€€ƒ€€‚ÿDELTREEÆ³Í = H€€€‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿDeletes a directory and all the files and subdirectories that are in it.Syntax DELTREE [/Y] [drive:]path [[drive:]path[...]]Parameterdrive:path Specifies the name of the directory you want to delete. The DELTREE command will delete all the files contained in the directory you specify, as well as all subdirectories and files in the subdirectories subordinate to this directory. You can specify more than one directory.êÍ {Í ²êÍY €€e€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚ã~ÙoÔ‰‚‚ãgĉ‚‚€€‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿSwitch/Y Carries out the DELTREE command without first prompting you to confirm the deletion.Related CommandsFor information about removing a directory, see the RMDIR command.For information about deleting files, see the DEL command. DELTREE - NotesDELTREE and hidden, system, and read-only attributesThe DELTREE command deletes all files contained in a directory orã 6< F€Ç€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿsubdirectory, regardless of attributes.Errorlevel parametersIf DELTREE successfully deleted the directory, it returns an ERRORLEVELvalue of 0.Using wildcards with DELTREEYou can use wildcards with the DELTREE command, but use them with extremecaution. If you specify a wildcard that matches both directory names andfilenames, both the directories and files will be deleted. Before specifyingwildcards with the DELTREE command, use the DIR command to view the files1þg3 4€ý€€‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿand directories you will delete. DELTREE - ExampleTo delete the TEMP directory on drive C, including all files andsubdirectories of the TEMP directory, type the following at the commandprompt: deltree c:\tempH6¯1ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%¯<% DEVICEHIGH - Examples9g<T x€v€€ƒ€€ã®=÷€†"€‰€ã©=÷€†"€‰€‚ÿDEVICEHIGH - Examples í¯[2 2€Û€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿThe following CONFIG.SYS commands make the upper memory area available forrunning device drivers and programs: device=c:\dos\himem.sys device=c:\dos\emm386.exe ram dos=umbThe following command directs MS-DOS to load a device driver namedMYDRIV.SYS into the upper memory area of an 80386 computer: devicehigh=mydriv.sysThe following CONFIG.SYS command directs MS-DOS to run the MOUSE.SYS driverin the upper memory area and load the driver into upper memory block 2:Êš<% 0 .€5€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ devicehigh=/L:2 C:\drivers\mouse.sysThe following command loads the MYDRIV.SYS driver into region 1 of uppermemory, and also allows the driver to use region 3 if it needs to: devicehigh=/L:1;3 C:\util\mydriv.sysThe following command loads the same driver into upper memory regions 1 and3, but only if each region is at least 30 bytes in size: devicehigh=/L:1,30;3,30 C:\util\mydriv.sysE[j 1v ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ&j ô þCDEVICEHIGH - NotesŠ6% ô T x€p€€ƒ€€ã =÷€†"€‰€ã®=÷€†"€‰€‚ÿDEVICEHIGH - Notes Hj < A P€€€‚€€‚‚‚‚‚ã¸hĉ‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿUsing the DOS=UMB commandTo use the DEVICEHIGH command, you must also include the DOS=UMB command inyour CONFIG.SYS file. If you do not specify this command, all device driversare loaded into conventional memory, as if you had used the DEVICE command.For more information, see the DOS command.Using MemMaker to optimize upper memory area automaticallyThe MemMaker program, included with MS-DOS, automatically optimizes yoursystem's memory. MemMaker surveys the upper memory area, analyzes the memory)öô e3 4€í€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚ÿuse of your drivers and programs, and determines which drivers and programsfit best into the available UMBs. MemMaker then changes selected DEVICEcommands in your CONFIG.SYS file to DEVICEHIGH commands and adds /L and /Sswitches as necessary. For more information about using MemMaker to optimizeyour computer's memory, see "Making More Memory Available" in the MS-DOSUser's Guide.Using MS-DOS 5 DEVICEHIGH syntaxThe version of DEVICEHIGH provided with MS-DOS 5 used the following syntax:%ð< –A5 8€á€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿ DEVICEHIGH SIZE=hexsize [drive:][path] filename [dd-parameters]Although the MS-DOS 5 DEVICEHIGe–A% H syntax will still work with MS-DOS 6.22, itis strongly recommended that you use the current DEVICEHIGH syntax wheneverpossible.Installing HIMEM.SYS and a UMB providerTo load a device driver into the upper memory area, your computer must haveextended memory. You must use the DEVICE command once to install theHIMEM.SYS device driver and then again to install an upper-memory-blockÒešC2 2€¥€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿ(UMB) provider. These commands must appear before the DEVICEHIGH command inyour CONFIG.SYS file. If your computer has an 80386 or 80486 processor, youcan use EMM386.EXE as the UMB provider. If your computer has a differentprocessor, you must supply a different UMB provider.If no upper memory area is availableIf there is not enough upper memory area available to load the device driveryou specified with the DEVICEHIGH command, MS-DOS will load it intod@–AþC$ €€€€‚‚ÿconventional memory (as if you had used the DEVICE command).; šC9D1áÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ'9D»DãƒDEVICEHIGH‚.þC»DT x€`€€ƒ€€ã©=÷€†"€‰€ã =÷€†"€‰€‚ÿDEVICEHIGH Ö9DÇF6 :€­€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚ÿLoads device driver you specify into the upper memory area. Loading a devicedriver into the upper memory area frees more bytes of conventional memoryfor other programs. If upper memory is not available, the DEVICEHIGH commandfunctions just like the DEVICE command.You can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.Syntax DEVICEHIGH [drive:][path]filename [dd-parameters]To specify the region(s) of memory into which to load the device driver, use4ó»DûHA P€ç€€‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚€€‚‚‚‚ÿthe following syntax: DEVICEHIGH [[/L:region1[,minsize1][;region2[,minsize2] [/S]]= [drive:][path]filename [dd-parameters]Parameters[drive:][path]filename Specifies the location and name of the device driver you want to load into the upper memory area.dd-parameters Specifies any command-line information required by the device driver.Switches/L:region1[,minsize1][;region2[,minsize2]... Specifies one or more regions of memory into which to load the deviceAÇF€€‚‚‚ÿ device=c:\dos\ansi.sysA'¬1Ü ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ)¬>ÀéÉDIR - Examples†2k>ÀT x€h€€ƒ€€㟠‘Ñ€†"€‰€ãš ‘Ñ€†"€‰€‚ÿ¬>ÀkDIR - Examples è¬TÂ. *€Ñ€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ Suppose you want to display all files and directories in a directory, including hidden or system files. To specify this display, type the following command: dir /a Suppose you want DIR to display one directory listing after another, until it has displayed the listing for every directory on the disk in the current drive. Suppose also that you want DIR to alphabetize each directory listing, display it in wide format, and pause after each screen. To specify such a Ö>ÀXÄ. *€­€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿdisplay, be sure the root directory is the current directory and then type the following command: dir /s/w/o/p DIR lists the name of the root directory, the names of the subdirectories of the root directory, and the names of the files in the root directory (including extensions). Then DIR lists the subdirectory names and filenames in each subdirectory in the directory tree. To alter the preceding example so that DIR displays the filenames and äTÂkÆ/ ,€É€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿextensions but omits the directory names, type the following command: dir /s/w/o/p/a:-d To print a directory listing, type the redirection symbol and PRN after any form of the DIR command, as the following example shows: dir > prn When you specify PRN on the DIR command line, the directory listing is sent to the printer attached to the LPT1 port. If your printer is attached to a different port, you must replace PRN with the name of the correct port. ÓXÄmÈ/ ,€§€€‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚‚ÿ You can also redirect output of the DIR command to a file by replacing PRN with a filename. A path is also acce